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Title: |
Standard Practice
for Preparing Residual Solids Obtained After Biodegradability Standard
Methods for Plastics in Solid Waste for Toxicity and Compost Quality
Testing |
Abstract: |
This practice
covers a standard procedure for preparing the residual solids obtained
at the end of standard methods for biodegradability testing of plastics
in solid waste, for subsequent toxicity and compost quality testing.
The practice yields mixtures that can be used as such for terrestrial
toxicity testing or that can be submitted to water extraction for
further aquatic toxicity tests, in accordance with practice D 5152,
and in conjunction with Method D 4229, Guides E 729, E 1192, E 1295,
and E 1440, or other currently accepted toxicity test methods (see
OECD Guidelines 201, 202, 203, 207, and 208 or US EPA 40FR797A, as
well as other documents such as "A New Manual for Conducting Microtox Test with the Model 500 Analyzer" the work on cyst-based
toxicity tests by Centeno, et al). The
mixtures can also be used for further soil contact biodegradation
testing. 1.2 This practice provides for storage and drying of the
mixtures obtained at the end of the test methods for determination
of the biodegradability of plastics under controlled composting conditions
(Test Method D 5338), and under high-solids anaerobic digestion (Test
Method D 5511). The mixtures contain the biologically decomposed
residuals from solid waste and from the plastic materials. For the
blanks, the residuals will be derived only from the biologically
decomposed solid waste. In the event that a particular sample does
not pass the toxicity test, chemical characterization of the degradation
products can be performed on the sample to determine the source of
the toxicity. Description of the performance of these analyses is
beyond the scope of this practice. 1.3 There is no ISO standard that
is equivalent to this practice. 1.4 The values stated in SI units
are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses
are for information only. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address
all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. |
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Title: |
Standard Test
Method for Determining the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials
in the Presence of Municipal Sewage Sludge |
Abstract: |
This test
method determines the degree and rate of anaerobic biodegradation
of synthetic plastic materials (including formulation additives)
on exposure to anaerobic-digester municipal sewage sludge from a
waste-water plant, under laboratory conditions. 1.2 This test method
is designed to index plastic materials that are more or less biodegradable
relative to a positive standard in an anaerobic environment. 1.3
This test method is applicable to all plastic materials that are
not inhibitory to the microorganisms present in anaerobic sewage
sludge. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 8. |
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Title: |
Standard Test
Method for Determining the Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials
in an Activated-Sludge-Wastewater-Treatment System |
Abstract: |
This test
method is designed to index plastic materials which are more or less
biodegradable relative to a standard in aerobic activated-sludge-treatment
systems. 1.2 This test method is designed to be applicable to all
plastic materials that are not inhibitory to the bacteria present
in the activated sludge. Compounds with toxic properties may delay
or inhibit the degradation process. 1.3 This test method measures
the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials
(including formulation additives which may be biodegradable) on exposure
to activated-sludge biomass in the concentration range from 0.1 to
2.5 g/L mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) under laboratory
conditions. 1.4 The high MLVSS concentration relative to other biodegradation
tests has the advantage of improved repeatability and increased likelihood
of more rapid adaptation or acclimation of the biomass. 1.5 This
test method allows for the determination of biological nitrification
and the oxidation of other non-carbon components of the plastic.
1.6 This test method does not purport to determine whether or not
a plastic material will pass through primary treatment to the aeration
basin of an activated-sludge wastewater-treatment plant. The size
or density of the plastic material may exclude it from the secondary-treatment
stage of a treatment facility. 1.7 There is no similar or equivalent
ISO standard. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of
the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use. For a specific hazards statement, see Section 8. |
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Title: |
Standard Test
Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation in Soil of Plastic
Materials or Residual Plastic Materials After Composting |
Abstract: |
This test
method covers determination of the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation
of synthetic plastic materials (including formulation additives that
may be biodegradable) in contact with soil, or a mixture of soil
and mature compost, under laboratory conditions.1.2 This test method
is designed to rate the biodegradability of plastic materials relative
to a standard in an aerobic environment.1.3 This test method is designed
to be applicable to all plastic materials that are not inhibitory
to the bacteria and fungi present in soil and compost.1.4 The values
stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific
hazard statement is given in Section 8.1.6 This |
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Title: |
Standard Test
Methods for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Radiolabeled Plastic Materials in an Aqueous or Compost Environment |
Abstract: |
These test
methods directly determine the rate and degree of biological oxidation
of carbon in plastic materials when placed in a composting environment
containing simulated municipal solid waste or an aqueous environment
under laboratory conditions. 1.2 Test Method A utilizes a mixed culture
derived from the target environment (waste water, sewage sludge,
compost eluant, and other environmental sources). Temperature, mixing,
and aeration are monitored and controlled. 1.2.1 This method has
the sensitivity to determine biodegradation at concentrations commonly
found in these environments 1.3 Test Method B starts with fresh compost
and proceeds through the normal composting process to an early mature
stage. Temperature, aeration; and moisture are monitored and controlled.
1.3.1 This method can determine biodegradation at levels of the plastic
commonly expected in municipal solid waste. 1.4 These test methods
require that the target component of the plastic material be synthesized
using the radioactive isotope carbon-14. Depending upon the objective,
either a portion of the components of the plastic or all of the carbon
can be uniformly labeled with carbon-14. The test method will determine
how that labeled portion will be metabolized and biologically oxidized
by the microorganisms in the system tested. 1.5 These test methods
can be applied to any carbon-14 labeled compound as well as for plastic
materials that have been formulated to biodegrade in a natural aerobic
environment. 1.6 The synthesis and preparation of the radiolabled plastic
is beyond the scope of these test methods. Carbon-14 labeled polymers
may be purchased from a number of commercial labs. 1.7 There are
no ISO test methods that are equivalent to the test methods in this
standard. 1.8 The safety problems associated with compost and radioactivity
are not addressed in this standard. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
practices. It is also incumbent on the user to conform to all the
regulatory requirements, specifically those that relate to the use
of open radioactive sources. 1.9 This standard does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability
of regulatory limitations prior to use. |
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Title: |
Standard Test
Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials
in the Marine Environment by a Defined Microbial Consortium |
Abstract: |
This test
method is used to determine the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation
of plastic materials (including formulation additives) exposed to
pre-grown population of at least ten aerobic marine microorganisms
of known genera. The test method is conducted under controlled laboratory
conditions. 1.2 This test method is designed to index polymer materials
that are possibly biodegradable, relative to a positive reference
material, in an aerobic environment. 1.3 This test method is applicable
to all polymer materials containing at least 20 % carbon that are
not inhibitory to the microorganisms present in a marine environment.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. 1.6 This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. |
Document#: |
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Title: |
Standard Test
Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradability of Radiolabeled Plastic Materials in a Laboratory-Scale Simulated
Landfill Environment |
Abstract: |
This test
method is designed to measure the anaerobic biodegradability of a
material under conditions that simulate accelerated decomposition
in a municipal solid waste ( |
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Title: |
Standard Test
Method for Determining the Biodegradability of Radiolabeled Polymeric Plastic Materials in Seawater |
Abstract: |
This test
is used to determine the degree of aerobic biodegradation of polymeric
compounds utilized in plastic materials by determining the level
of respiration of such radiolabeled carbon
compounds to radiolabeled carbon dioxide. 1.2 The test is designed to
utilize the naturally occurring microbes in seawater as the inoculum for the enrichment and subsequent mineralization (biodegradation) of the test polymer using
it as a carbon and energy source resulting in a carbon dioxide as
an end product. 1.3 The test method requires that the polymers to
be assayed are synthesized using the radioisotope, carbon-14, and
that the compound or plastic material be uniformly labeled with carbon-14.
1.4 As controls, known biodegradable compounds, such as glucose or
starch, also uniformly labeled with carbon-14, are run in order to
determine the biological activity of the natural population. 1.5
The concentration of added polymers shall be kept low so as not to
cause limitation by oxygen, and the seawater inoculum is
amended with nitrogen and phosphorus compounds to ensure that growth
in not limited by these nutrients. 1.6 The safety problems and regulations
associated with working with radioactive materials are not addressed
in the method. It is the responsibility of the individual users to
establish and ensure adherence the proper safety, health, monitoring
and all regulatory practices associated with the use of radioactive
compounds. 1.7 There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. |
Document#: |
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Title: |
Standard Guide
for Exposing and Testing Plastics that Degrade in the Environment
by a Combination of Oxidation and Biodegradation |
Abstract: |
This guide
provides a framework or road map to compare and rank the controlled
laboratory rates of degradation and degree of physical property losses
of polymers by thermal and photooxidation processes
as well as the biodegradation and ecological impacts in defined applications
and disposal environments after degradation. Disposal environments
range from exposure in soil, landfill, and compost in which thermal
oxidation may occur and land cover and agricultural use in which photooxidation may
also occur.1.2 In this guide, established |
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